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The last time I shared Bullpen & Batory Consulting's Land Insights report for the Greater Toronto Area was back in Q3-2024. And at that time, the average high-density land trade across the GTA was being reported at roughly $98 per buildable square foot. However, I ended my post by saying this:
So even though prices and transaction volumes are down (which is what one would totally expect right now), it still doesn't feel like this data accurately reflects what's going on in the market today. I think the reality is worse.
Following that post, a few friends in the industry reached out and said, "The reality is much worse!" Yup. But now reality is starting to become more visible in Bullpen's data. For Q2-2025, they are now reporting an average land price of $52 per buildable square foot across the GTA.
This was gleaned from 15 sales recorded last quarter and represents the lowest quarterly figure since Bullpen and Batory started tracking sales in 2017. But even at these lower prices, it's extremely difficult to accurately value development land. All we can say with certainty is that land prices are trending lower and that lower more accurately reflects the current market.
Last year, I wrote that development value has shifted from land to the build. That's still very much the case, but now you're seeing it in the above chart in a meaningful way.
If you'd like to receive their free quarterly GTA Land Insights Report, subscribe over here.
Cover photo by Viktoriya Beshovishka on Unsplash
Bullpen Consulting just released its Q3-2024 high-rise land report for the Greater Toronto Area. Here's a figure showing average high-density land prices (on a per buildable square foot) by quarter since 2018:
Here's their summary data broken out by Toronto versus the Greater Toronto Area:
Jeremiah Shamess of Colliers made the claim this week that land values in some areas of the Toronto region are down 25%. He then shared a chart from Alan Leela showing how various factors have increased or decreased land values since 2020.
Broadly speaking, a revenue increase and/or more development density should increase land values; whereas something like inclusionary zoning, which is a cost to the project, should decrease land values. Indeed, this is one of the arguments in favor of inclusionary zoning: "Don't worry about the additional cost to the project because landowners will simply pay for it through reduced land prices."
In theory, all of this is correct.
Land is (or should be) the residual claimant in a development pro forma. Start with your revenue, subtract your costs, and then see what is left over for the land. (Though keep in mind that what is left over for the land could be $0 or even a negative number.)
But as I have argued before in the context of inclusionary zoning, I don't think things always play out so neatly in the market. Put differently, if the cost impact of inclusionary zoning is something like $44 psf, I don't think all landowners suddenly drop their prices accordingly -- especially in a rising market where developers are competing fiercely for land.
They don't care about your residual value model. Many or most will just hang on to their number and wait for someone to pay it.
So what I am saying with all of this is that, yeah, there are factors that put either downward or upward pressure on land values. But how it all actually plays out in the market tends to depend on the macro environment and what else is going on at the time. And right now we are at a point in the cycle where there is clearly downward pressure on land values.
The last time I shared Bullpen & Batory Consulting's Land Insights report for the Greater Toronto Area was back in Q3-2024. And at that time, the average high-density land trade across the GTA was being reported at roughly $98 per buildable square foot. However, I ended my post by saying this:
So even though prices and transaction volumes are down (which is what one would totally expect right now), it still doesn't feel like this data accurately reflects what's going on in the market today. I think the reality is worse.
Following that post, a few friends in the industry reached out and said, "The reality is much worse!" Yup. But now reality is starting to become more visible in Bullpen's data. For Q2-2025, they are now reporting an average land price of $52 per buildable square foot across the GTA.
This was gleaned from 15 sales recorded last quarter and represents the lowest quarterly figure since Bullpen and Batory started tracking sales in 2017. But even at these lower prices, it's extremely difficult to accurately value development land. All we can say with certainty is that land prices are trending lower and that lower more accurately reflects the current market.
Last year, I wrote that development value has shifted from land to the build. That's still very much the case, but now you're seeing it in the above chart in a meaningful way.
If you'd like to receive their free quarterly GTA Land Insights Report, subscribe over here.
Cover photo by Viktoriya Beshovishka on Unsplash
Bullpen Consulting just released its Q3-2024 high-rise land report for the Greater Toronto Area. Here's a figure showing average high-density land prices (on a per buildable square foot) by quarter since 2018:
Here's their summary data broken out by Toronto versus the Greater Toronto Area:
Jeremiah Shamess of Colliers made the claim this week that land values in some areas of the Toronto region are down 25%. He then shared a chart from Alan Leela showing how various factors have increased or decreased land values since 2020.
Broadly speaking, a revenue increase and/or more development density should increase land values; whereas something like inclusionary zoning, which is a cost to the project, should decrease land values. Indeed, this is one of the arguments in favor of inclusionary zoning: "Don't worry about the additional cost to the project because landowners will simply pay for it through reduced land prices."
In theory, all of this is correct.
Land is (or should be) the residual claimant in a development pro forma. Start with your revenue, subtract your costs, and then see what is left over for the land. (Though keep in mind that what is left over for the land could be $0 or even a negative number.)
But as I have argued before in the context of inclusionary zoning, I don't think things always play out so neatly in the market. Put differently, if the cost impact of inclusionary zoning is something like $44 psf, I don't think all landowners suddenly drop their prices accordingly -- especially in a rising market where developers are competing fiercely for land.
They don't care about your residual value model. Many or most will just hang on to their number and wait for someone to pay it.
So what I am saying with all of this is that, yeah, there are factors that put either downward or upward pressure on land values. But how it all actually plays out in the market tends to depend on the macro environment and what else is going on at the time. And right now we are at a point in the cycle where there is clearly downward pressure on land values.
And here's a list of all the land transactions last quarter:
At the highest level, the average high-density land trade last quarter across the GTA was at around $98 per buildable square foot. This is down 13% from $112 pbsf in Q3-2023. And going back to the first chart in this post, there also seems to be a longer-term decline in high-density land prices.
But as Bullpen rightly points out in their report, there are limits to what can be gleaned from data like this. And that's because land transactions can be structured in countless ways. Did the vendor provide cheap financing? Was there a delayed close? Are there any unique site conditions that could be impacting value? The list goes on.
So even though prices and transaction volumes are down (which is what one would totally expect right now), it still doesn't feel like this data accurately reflects what's going on in the market today. I think the reality is worse.
If you'd like to join Bullpen's mailing list, here's their website.
Figures: Bullpen Research & Consulting
And here's a list of all the land transactions last quarter:
At the highest level, the average high-density land trade last quarter across the GTA was at around $98 per buildable square foot. This is down 13% from $112 pbsf in Q3-2023. And going back to the first chart in this post, there also seems to be a longer-term decline in high-density land prices.
But as Bullpen rightly points out in their report, there are limits to what can be gleaned from data like this. And that's because land transactions can be structured in countless ways. Did the vendor provide cheap financing? Was there a delayed close? Are there any unique site conditions that could be impacting value? The list goes on.
So even though prices and transaction volumes are down (which is what one would totally expect right now), it still doesn't feel like this data accurately reflects what's going on in the market today. I think the reality is worse.
If you'd like to join Bullpen's mailing list, here's their website.
Figures: Bullpen Research & Consulting
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