Earlier this month, Howard Marks published a memo called "Sea Change", where he argued, among other things, that it is "nearly impossible to overstate the influence of declining [interest] rates over the last four decades." In fact, he goes on to say that he would be "surprised if 40 years of declining interest rates didn't play the greatest role of all" in the success that investors have seen since the 1980s. Of course, the reason the memo is called "Sea Change" is because his overarching point is that this tailwind is now over.
Let's consider this in the context of commercial real estate. If you bought a real asset at a 4% cap rate (calculated by dividing net operating income by the price of the asset) and were able to put debt on it at say 3%, you would be receiving positive leverage. Your cost of debt is less than the yield that your asset is generating, and so you are in effect magnifying your returns.
Now let's imagine a scenario where interest rates decline even further and somebody could put debt on this same asset at 2%. This is likely to put downward pressure on the cap rate, meaning that somebody might be willing to pay more for the same amount of yield. That is, they're willing to accept a lower yield. This phenomenon is what Howard is describing in his memo. Declining interest rates tend to create upward pressure on asset values. And in the world of real estate, this is referred to as a compression of cap rates.